Imidazolyl pyrimidine inhibitor compounds

ABSTRACT

A compound of general Formula (I) having histone deacetylase (HDAC) and/or Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitory activity, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, and a method useful to treat diseases using the compound.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/080,426 filed Jul. 14, 2008. The disclosure of the application is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD

The present invention generally relates to a compound having enzyme inhibitory activity, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compound, and methods useful for treating diseases.

BACKGROUND

Histones are protein components making up chromatin in association with DNA. Histones are subject to covalent modifications of various enzymes such as, for example, histone deacetylase (HDAC), histone methyltransferase (HMT) and histone acetyltransferase (HAT). Covalent modifications of core histones influence protein-protein interaction and protein access to DNA.

HDACs catalyze deacetylation of lysine residues on histones and other proteins. It is known that low levels of histone-acetylation are associated with repression of gene expression. Therefore, abnormal HDAC activities could destroy the delicate balance in cell regulation. The HDACs belong to four structurally and functionally different phylogenetic classes: class I (HDAC-1, -2,-3, and -8) compounds are closely related to yeast RPD3; class IIa (HDAC-4,-5, 7, and -9) and class IIb (HDAC-6 and -10) share domains with yeast HDAC-1; class IV, recently described (comprising HDAC-11), exhibits properties of both class I and class II HDACs. All the above HDACs are zinc dependent proteases. Class III HDACs have been identified on the basis of sequence similarity with Sir2, a yeast transcription repressor, and require the cofactor NAD⁺ for their deacetylase function. See, for example, Marielle Paris et al., Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: From Bench to Clinic, JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 51(11): 3330-3330 (2008).

It has been reported that HDAC activities play an important role in a variety of human disease states. Accordingly, an HDAC inhibitor can provide therapeutic benefits to a broad range of patients. Due to the therapeutic significance, various types of HDAC inhibitors have been developed to date. See, for example, Moradei et al., Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Latest Developments, Trends, and Prospects, CURR. MED. CHEM.: ANTI-CANCER AGENTS 5(5):529-560 (2005).

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are protein kinase enzymes controlling transcription and mRNA processing for the regulation of the cell cycle. CDKs belong to a group of serine/threonine kinases phosphorylating proteins on serine and threonine amino acid residues. A CDK is activated by association with a cyclin forming a cyclin-dependent kinase complex. The CDK family has been identified to include at least 9 members, i.e., CDK1, CDK2, CDK3, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CDK7, CDK8 and CDK9, and CDKs pair with a specific cyclin in the various phases of the cell cycle for the progression. CDKs are considered a target for anti-cancer medication since the enzymes are major control switches for the cell cycle.

WO 2005/092899 mentions a series of compounds useful for inhibiting HDAC enzymatic activity where the compounds are amino or hydroxyl substituted aniline derivatives attached to various cyclic groups.

There is a continued need to develop new inhibitors to provide appropriate therapy for a variety of disease conditions implicated in HDAC and/or CDK activity.

SUMMARY

In various embodiments, a compound having HDAC inhibitory activity, a composition comprising the compound and a method useful to treat diseases arising from abnormal cell proliferation or differentiation are provided.

The compound is of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

where R¹, R² and R³ can each be hydrogen, and when they are non-hydrogen they represent substitutable groups that provide the compounds of Formula (I) with HDAC and/or CDK binding activity. The variables m and n can be zero, and when they are non-zero, the respective R⁶ and R⁷ groups are substituents that provide for HDAC and/or CDK inhibitory activity in the compounds. In Formula (I), the substituents R¹ , R² and R³ are attached to an imidazole ring; R⁶ is attached to a 6-membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl; and R⁷ is attached to an aryl group. The R⁹ group is hydrogen or a substitutable group providing for HDAC and/or CDK inhibitory activity in the compounds. The group

provides a “linker” between the 6-membered heteroaryl and the ring X.

In the 6-membered nitrogen heteroaryl, at least one of U¹, U², U³, and U⁴ is a ring nitrogen. In some embodiments, at least U⁴ is a ring nitrogen. In some embodiments, both U¹ and U⁴ are ring nitrogens. In some embodiments, only U⁴ is a ring nitrogen. In some embodiments, only U¹ and U⁴ are ring nitrogens.

In various embodiments, the substituents are further defined as follows:

-   -   R¹, R² and R³ are independently selected from the group         consisting of H, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₁₀         alkyl), amino(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl), haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, amino, azido,         carboxyl, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀         alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₁₀         alkoxy)(C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy), (C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy)(C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy), (C₁₋₁₀         alkoxy)(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl), C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyloxy,         N—-(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂amino, C₁₋₁₀         alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀         alkyl)₂carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2,         C₁₋₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, NH₂—CO—NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀         alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, aryl, arylalkyl,         aryloxy, arylthio, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkyloxy,         heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclyl(C═O)—,         heterocyclyloxy and heterocyclylthio, wherein each R¹, R² and R³         is optionally substituted by one or more A where such an         optional substitution is chemically feasible;     -   U¹, U², U³ and U⁴ are independently selected from —N—, —CH—, and         —CR⁶—, with the proviso that at least one of U¹, U², U³ and U⁴         is —N—; in one embodiment, at least U⁴ is —N—;     -   m is the number of non-hydrogen substituents R⁶ on the         N-containing 6-membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl and can         be 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   each R⁶ is independently selected from hydroxy, halo, nitro,         cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxyl,         carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀         alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino,         N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀         alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀         alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀         alkyl)sulphamoyl or N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, wherein R⁶ is         optionally substituted by one or more B where such an optional         substitution is chemically feasible;     -   X is phenyl, 5-membered heteroaryl, or 6-membered heteroaryl,         wherein the heteroaryl contains one or more heteroatoms selected         from N, S and O;     -   n is the number of non-hydrogen substituents R⁷ on the ring X         and can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the maximum value of n         depends on the nature of the ring X;     -   R⁷ represents one or more optional non-hydrogen substituents on         ring X, wherein when present, each R⁷ is independently selected         from hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl,         trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxyl, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀         alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀         alkanoyl, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ amino, C₁₋₁₀         alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂         carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2,         NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀         alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, and aryl;     -   R⁸ is hydroxy, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein aryl or heteroaryl is         substituted with —NH₂ or —OH and aryl or heteroaryl is         optionally further substituted with one or more groups selected         from amino, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl,         cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, haloaryl, haloheterocyclyl,         wherein alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally further         substituted with one or more groups selected from halo, hydroxy,         alkyl, haloalkyl and cycloalkyl;     -   R⁹ is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or         heterocyclyl, wherein R⁹ is optionally substituted by one or         more D where such an optional substitution is chemically         feasible; and     -   A, B and D are independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano,         hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, amino, azido,         carboxyl, carbamoyl, mercapto, oxo, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl,         C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl,         C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyloxy, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀         alkyl)₂amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl,         N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is         0, 1 or 2, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)sulphamoyl,         N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, H₂NS(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀         alkyl)NHS(O)₂NH—, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂NS(O)₂NH—, aryl, aryloxy,         arylthio, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, heterocyclyl,         heterocyclyl(C═O)—, heterocyclyloxy and heterocyclylthio.

In various embodiments, the substitution with —NH₂ or —OH on aryl or heteroaryl of R⁸ is adjacent to the attachment of the X—C(O)NH— group to the aryl or heteroaryl.

In an embodiment, R⁸ is hydroxy and the compounds are characterized as hydroxamates. In another embodiment, R⁸ is substituted aryl or heteroaryl and the compounds are characterized as arylamides.

In an embodiment, R⁹ is H.

In an embodiment, X is phenyl. In various embodiments, the N—R⁹ linker and —C(O)NH—R⁸ groups are disposed on the phenyl in a 1,4-configuration, where the N—R⁹ linker is considered as the 1-position.

In an embodiment, X is thiophene. In various embodiments, the N—R⁹ linker and —C(O)NH—R⁸ groups are disposed on the thiophene in a 2,5-configuration, where the linker is considered as the 2-position (with the S atom of the thiophene ring taken as the 1-position).

In an embodiment, X is pyridine. In various embodiments, the N—R⁹ linker and —C(O)NH—R⁸ groups are disposed on the pyridine in a 2,5-configuration, where the linker is considered as the 2-position, or in a 3,6-configuration, where the linker is considered as the 3-position (in all cases, the N atom of the pyridine ring is taken as the 1-position).

In an embodiment, X is thiazole. In various embodiments, the N—R⁹ linker and —C(O)NH—R⁸ groups are disposed on the thiazole in a 2,4- or 2,5-configuration, where the linker is considered as the 2-position (with the S atom of the thiazole ring taken as the 1-position).

In an embodiment, the 6-membered nitrogen containing heteroaryl is pyrimidine, with U¹ and U⁴ being ring nitrogens. In various embodiments, the pyrimidine is substituted with an imidazole ring which itself is optionally substituted with R¹, Q¹, and Q².

In the Formulae herein, non-limiting examples of A and B include halo, alkyl, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, cycloalkyl, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, amino, carboxyl, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, acetoxy, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, N-methyl-N-ethylamino, acetylamino, N-methylcarbamoyl, N-ethylcarbamoyl, N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl, N,N-diethylcarbamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulphinyl, ethylsulphinyl, mesyl, ethylsulphonyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, N-methylsulphamoyl, N-ethylsulphamoyl, N,N-dimethylsulphamoyl, N,N-diethylsulphamoyl, N-methyl-N-ethylsulphamoyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, and cycloalkyl.

In the definitions herein of R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, A and B, the carbon ranges for the groups alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkanoyloxy, alkanoylamino, and the like include all ranges encompassed in the recited ranges C₁₋₁₀ and C₂₋₁₀. For example, in non-limiting fashion C₁₋₁₀ includes a disclosure of C₁₋₆ and C₁₋₃, and C₂₋₁₀ includes a disclosure of C₂₋₆ and C₂₋₃. In various embodiments, C₁₋₁₀ carbon-chain containing groups such as C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl and so forth include the respective C₁₋₆ and C₁₋₃ shorter carbon-chains such as C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl and C₂₋₃ alkynyl.

In the Tables that follow, examples are given with n=0 or n=1. When n=0, the entry in the R⁷ column reads H (hydrogen atom) to indicate that all substituents are hydrogen. When n=1, the entry in the R⁷ column gives the identity and position of the single non-hydrogen substituent.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprise an HDAC and/or CDK-inhibitory effective amount of one or more compounds described herein and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

Methods of inhibiting or treating diseases arising from abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation comprise administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds described herein. Other methods involve co-therapies by administering one or more of the compounds together with other anti-cancer agents.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses.

Definitions

“Alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbyl group with at least one site of unsaturation, i.e. a carbon-carbon, sp² double bond. In an embodiment, alkenyl has from 2 to 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkenyl is a C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl group or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl group. Examples of alkenyl group include, but are not limited to, ethylene or vinyl (—CH═CH₂), allyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), cyclopentenyl (—C₅H₇), and 5-hexenyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH═CH₂).

“Alkanoyl” is the group RC(O)—; “alkanoyloxy” is RC(O)O—; and “alkanoylamino” is RC(O)NR′—; where R is an alkyl group as defined herein, and R′ is hydrogen or alkyl. In various embodiments, R is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group.

“Alkoxy” is RO— where R is alkyl. Non-limiting examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy.

“Alkoxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with an alkoxy group. Examples of alkoxyalkyl groups include methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl and ethoxyethyl.

“Alkoxycarbonyl” is ROC(O)—, where R is an alkyl group as defined herein. In various embodiments, R is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group.

“Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbyl group. In an embodiment, alkyl has from 1 to 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl.

“Alkylamino” refers to an amino group substituted with one or more alkyl groups. “N-(alkyl)amino” is RNH— and “N,N-(alkyl)₂amino” is R₂N—, where the R groups are alkyl as defined herein and are the same or different. In various embodiments, R is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group. Examples of alkylamino groups include methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, butylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, and methylethylamino.

“Alkylaminoalkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with an alkylamino group, wherein alkylamino is as defined herein. Examples of alkylaminoakyl groups include methylaminomethyl and ethylaminomethyl.

“Alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched carbon-chain group with at least one site of unsaturation, i.e. a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond. In an embodiment, alkynyl has from 2 to 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkynyl is a C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl group or a C₂-C₆ alkynyl group. Examples of alkynyl groups include acetylenic (—C≡CH) and propargyl (—CH₂C≡CH).

“Aryl” refers to any monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic carbon ring system wherein at least one ring is aromatic. In various embodiments, aryl encompasses a ring system of up to 14 carbon atoms. Aryl includes a carbocyclic aromatic ring fused with a 5-or 6-membered cycloalkyl group. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl and indanyl.

“Aryloxy” is RO—, where R is aryl. “Arylthio” is RS—, where R is aryl.

“Carbamoyl” is the group NH₂—C(O)—; the nitrogen can be substituted with alkyl groups. N-(alkyl)carbamoyl is RNH—C(O)— and N,N-(alkyl)₂ carbamoyl is R₂N—C(O)—, where the R groups are alkyl as defined herein and are the same or different. In various embodiments, R is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group.

“Cycloalkyl” is a hydrocarbyl group containing at least one saturated or partially unsaturated ring structure, and attached via a ring carbon. In various embodiments, it refers to a saturated or a partially unsaturated C₃-C₁₂ cyclic moiety, examples of which include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.

“Cycloalkyloxy” is RO—, where R is cycloalkyl.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with a cycloalkyl group, wherein cycloalkyl is as defined herein. Examples of cycloalkylalkyl groups include cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl and cyclohexylmethyl.

“Dialkylamino” refers to an RR′N— group where R and R′ are independently alkyl as defined herein. Examples of dialkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino, diethylamino, methylethylamino and methylpropylamino. In various embodiments, R and R′ are independently a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group.

“Dialkylaminoalkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with a dialkylamino group, wherein dialkylamino is as defined herein. Examples of dialkylaminoalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, dimethylaminomethyl and diethylaminomethyl.

“Feasible” refers to a structure or process that is capable of being accomplished; one that is possible, suitable, or logical. When a structure or process is “chemically feasible”, that structure or process is synthetically attainable, chemically stable to the typical ambient conditions and/or contributes to favorable biological properties such as efficacy, bioavailability and minimal toxicity for the intended use. Chemically feasible structures are bound by the rules of electron bonding, whereby bonds can only be formed between atoms that are capable of forming bonds with one another. Likewise, chemically feasible processes can only produce structures that are chemically feasible.

“Halo” refers to chloro (—Cl), bromo (—Br), fluoro (—F) or iodo (—I).

“Haloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group substituted with one or more halo groups. Examples of haloalkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂ and —OCH₂F.

“Haloalkoxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with a haloalkoxy group, wherein haloalkoxy is as defined herein. Examples of haloalkoxyalkyl groups include trifluoromethoxymethyl, trifluoroethoxymethyl and trifluoromethoxyethyl.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety substituted with one or more halo groups. Examples of haloalkyl groups include —CF₃ and —CHF₂.

“Heterocyclyloxy” is RO—, where R is heterocyclyl. “Heterocyclylthio” is RS—, where R is heterocyclyl.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring having up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring selected from the group consisting of N, O and S. Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl include pyridyl, thienyl, furanyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyranyl, pyrazolyl, pyrzolopyridyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazoyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, benzothienyl, indolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, isoindolyl, benzotriazolyl, purinyl, thianaphthenyl and pyrazinyl. Attachment of heteroaryl can occur via an aromatic ring, or, if heteroaryl is bicyclic or tricyclic and one of the rings is not aromatic or contains no heteroatoms, through a non-aromatic ring or a ring containing no heteroatoms. “Heteroaryl” is also understood to include the N-oxide derivative of any nitrogen containing heteroaryl.

“Heteroaryloxy” is RO—, where R is heteroaryl.

“Heterocyclyl” includes the heteroaryls defined herein and refers to an unsaturated, saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic group of 2 to 14 ring-carbon atoms and, in addition to ring-carbon atoms, 1 or more heteroatoms selected from P, N, O and S. In various embodiments the heterocyclic group is attached to another moiety through carbon or through a heteroatom, and is optionally substituted on carbon or a heteroatom. Examples of heterocyclyl include azetidinyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthpyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxazoline, isoxazoline, oxetanyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, tetrazolopyridyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, azetidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, hexahydroazepinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyridin-2-onyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dihydrobenzoimidazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroisooxazolyl, dihydroisothiazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydrotetrazolyl, dihydrothiadiazolyl, dihydrothiazolyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrotriazolyl, dihydroazetidinyl, methylenedioxybenzoyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydrothienyl, and N-oxides thereof.

“Hydroxyalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group substituted with a hydroxyl group (—OH), wherein alkoxy is as defined herein. An example of hydroxyalkoxy is hydroxyethoxy.

“Hydroxyalkyl” refers to a linear or branched monovalent C₁-C₁₀ hydrocarbon group substituted with at least one hydroxy group. Examples of hydroxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl and hydroxybutyl.

If a substituent is described as being “optionally substituted”, the substituent may be either (1) not substituted or (2) substituted. If a substituent is described as being optionally substituted with up to a particular number of non-hydrogen radicals, that substituent may be either (1) not substituted; or (2) substituted by up to that particular number of non-hydrogen radicals or by up to the maximum number of substitutable positions on the substituent, whichever is less.

“Sulphamoyl” is NH₂—S(O)₂—; “N-(alkyl)sulphamoyl” is RNH—S(O)₂—; and “N,N-(alkyl)₂ sulphamoyl” is R₂N—S(O)₂—, where the R groups are alkyl as defined herein and are the same or different. In various embodiments, R is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group or a C₁-C₆ alkyl group.

“Pharmaceutically-acceptable” means suitable for use in pharmaceutical preparations, generally considered as safe for such use, officially approved by a regulatory agency of a national or state government for such use, or being listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.

“Pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, carrier, other ingredient, or combination of ingredients that is pharmaceutically-acceptable and with which a compound of the invention is administered.

“Pharmaceutically-acceptable salt” refers to a salt that may enhance desired pharmacological activity. Examples of pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include acid addition salts formed with inorganic or organic acids, metal salts and amine salts. Examples of acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids include salts with hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid. Examples of acid addition salts formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, o-(4-hydroxy-benzoyl)-benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethane-sulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene1-carboxylic acid, gluco-heptonic acid, 4,4′-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic) acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethyl-acetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxy-naphthoic acids, salicylic acid, stearic acid and muconic acid. Examples of metal salts include salts with sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, and zinc ions. Examples of amine salts include salts with ammonia and organic nitrogenous bases strong enough to form salts with carboxylic acids.

“Therapeutically-effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect treatment for the disease. “Therapeutically effective amount” can vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity, the age, the weight, etc. of the subject to be treated.

Embraced herein, where applicable, are permissible isomers such as tautomers, racemates, enantiomers, diastereomers, atropisomers, configurational isomers of double bonds (E- and/or Z-), cis- and trans-configurations in ring substitution patterns, and isotopic variants.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein n, m, U¹, U², U³, U⁴, R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R₇, R⁸, R⁹ and X are as defined above.

In particular embodiments, the variables are further exemplified as follows:

-   R¹, R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting     of H, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl,     haloalkoxy, amino, azido, carboxyl, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl,     alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, C₁₋₆     alkanoyloxy, N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂amino, C₁₋₆     alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂carbamoyl,     C₁₋₆ alkyl-S(O)a wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl,     NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl,     aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, heterocyclyl,     heterocyclyl(C═O)-, heterocyclyloxy and heterocyclylthio; wherein     each R¹, R² and R³ is optionally substituted by one or more A where     such an optional substitution is chemically feasible; -   U¹, U², U³ and U⁴ are as defined above; -   m is 0, 1, or 2; -   n is 0, 1, or 2; -   each R⁶ is halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl,     trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxyl, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₃     alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl, C₂₋₃ alkynyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ alkanoyl,     N—(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₂ alkyl)₂ amino, C₁₋₃ alkanoylamino,     N—(C₁₋₃ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₂ alkyl)₂ carbamoyl, C₁₋₃     alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₃     alkyl)sulphamoyl or N,N—(C₁₋₃ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl; wherein R⁶ is     optionally substituted by one or more B where such an optional     substitution is chemically feasible; -   X is phenyl, 5-membered heteroaryl, or 6-membered heteroaryl,     wherein the heteroaryl contains one or more heteroatoms selected     from N, S and O; -   each R⁷ is halo, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy,     amino, carboxyl, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₂₋₃ alkenyl,     C₂₋₃ alkynyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, C₁₋₃ alkanoyl, N—(C₁₋₃ alkyl)amino,     N,N—(C₁₋₂ alkyl)₂ amino, C₁₋₃ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₃     alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₂ alkyl)₂ carbamoyl, C₁₋₃ alkyl-S(O)_(a)     wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₃ alkyl)sulphamoyl or     N,N—(C₁₋₃ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl,and n is as defined above; -   R⁸ is hydroxy, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein aryl or heteroaryl are     substituted with —NH₂ or —OH and aryl or heteroaryl is optionally     further substituted with one or more groups selected from amino,     halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,     aryl, haloaryl, haloheterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl     is optionally further substituted with one or more groups selected     from halo, hydroxy, alkyl, haloalkyl and cycloalkyl; -   R⁹ is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or     aryl, wherein R⁹ is optionally substituted by one or more D where     such an optional substitution is chemically feasible; and -   A, B and D are independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano,     hydroxy, oxo, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, amino, azido,     carboxyl, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl,     C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkanoyl, C₁₋₆ alkanoyloxy, N—(C₁₋₆     alkyl)amino, N,N-(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂amino, C₁₋₆ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₆     alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂carbamoyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-S(O)_(a)     wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl, N—(C₁₋₆     alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, H₂NS(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₆     alkyl)NHS(O)₂NH—, N,N—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)₂NS(O)₂NH—, aryl, aryloxy,     arylthio, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, heterocyclyl,     heterocyclyl(C═O)—, heterocyclyloxy and heterocyclylthio.

In particular embodiments, compounds are selected from those of Formulae (I^(a)), (I^(b)) and (I^(c)), with substituents defined as in Formula (I):

Formula (I^(a)) represents pyrimidine compounds, while Formula (I^(b)) represents inhibitors where at least U⁴ is nitrogen. Formula (I^(b)) represents pyridine compounds when U¹, U², and U³ all comprise ring carbons. In various embodiments, U¹, U² and U³ are selected to be any of (a) U¹, U² and U³ are —CH— or —CR⁶—; (b) U¹ and U² are —CH— or —CR— and U³ is —N—; (c) U¹ and U³ are —CH— or —CR— and U² is —N—; (d) U¹ and U³ are —N— and U² is —CH— or —CR⁶—; and (e) U¹ and U² are —N— and U³ is —CH— or —CR⁶—.

Formula (I^(c)) represents pyrimidine compounds containing a —NR⁹— linker where R⁹ is a non-hydrogen substituent selected from alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, haloaryl and haloheterocyclyl, and R⁹ can be optionally substituted as described herein.

Compounds defined above are useful to inhibit HDACs and/or CDKs. In a particular embodiment, a compound of the invention inhibits both HDAC and CDK. In one embodiment, therefore, a compound of the invention is used in inhibiting HDAC and/or CDK enzymes such as, for example, mammalian HDAC and/or CDK. More specifically, a compound of the invention can be used to treat or inhibit HDAC and/or CDK-mediated diseases or abnormalities.

In an embodiment of the compounds, one or more (including all) of the substituents R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, U¹, U², U³, U⁴, and X are exemplified as follows:

R¹, R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, chloro, fluoro, bromo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, carboxyl, methylcarboxyl, cyano, methoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, propoxyethyl, methoxyethoxy, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyethoxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, dimethylaminomethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, diethylaminomethyl, dimethylaminoethoxy, dimethylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminoethylamide, trifluoromethoxymethyl, trifluoroethoxymethyl, isopropylcarbonyl, 1-hydoxyethyl, 3-oxetanoxy, trifluoroethylaminomethyl, N-methyl-N-methoxyethyl-aminomethyl, cyclopropanylmethyl, cyclobutoxy, 1-cyclopropanylethoxy, cyclopropanylmethylaminomethyl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-carbonyl, isoindolin-2-yl, N-methoxyethylcarbamoyl, N-(morpholin-4-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl, dimethylaminoethylamino, N,N-dimethylaminoethylcarbamoyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, trifluoromethylphenylethyl, phenoxymethyl, fluorophenoxymethyl, phenylethylaminomethyl, benzylaminomethyl, triazinylmethyl, piperidinylmethyl, piperidinyloxy, trifluoromethylpiperidinylmethyl, pyridinyloxymethyl, pyridinylmethoxy, tetrahydropyrazinyloxy, methylpiperazinylmethyl, methanesulfonyl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl, pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl, pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl, pyrrolidin-1-ylethoxy, pyrrolidin-2-ylethoxy, pyrrolidin-3-ylethoxy, thiazol-4-yl, 2-methyl-thiazol-4-yl, imidazol-1-ylmethyl, imidazol-2-ylmethyl, imidazol-4-ylmethyl, imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl, imidazolidin-4-yl, imidazolidin-1-ylmethyl, imidazolidin-2-ylmethyl, imidazolidin-4-ylmethyl, imidazolin-1-yl, imidazolin-2-yl, imidazolin-4-yl, pyrazolidin-1-yl, pyrazolidin-3-yl, pyrazolidin-4-yl, pyrazolin-1-yl, pyrazolin-3-yl, pyrazolin-4-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl, piperidin-1-ylmethyl, piperidin-2-ylmethyl, piperidin-3-ylmethyl, piperidin-4-ylmethyl, piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, piperazin-3-yl, morpholin-2-yl, morpholin-3-yl, morpholin-4-yl, morpholin-2-ylmethyl, morpholin-3-ylmethyl, morpholin-4-ylmethyl, morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl, morpholin-2-ylethoxy, morpholin-3-ylethoxy and morpholin-4-ylethoxy;

In various embodiments, U¹, U², U³ and U⁴ are selected to form any of the following 6-membered heteroaryl moieties:

optionally the 6-membered nitrogen containing heteroaryls are substituted with one or more R⁶;

R⁶ is methyl, ethyl, hydroxy, flouoro, bromo or trifluoromethyl and m is 0 or 1;

X is phenyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl;

R⁷ is independently fluoro, chloro, bromo, or methyl and n is 0, 1 or 2; and

R⁸ is hydroxy, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein aryl or heteroaryl are substituted with —NH₂ or —OH at a ring position adjacent to attachment of the —CONH-moiety, and R⁸ is optionally further substituted with one or more groups selected from amino, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, haloaryl, haloheterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally further substituted with one or more groups selected from halo, hydroxy, alkyl, haloalkyl and cycloalkyl.

In particular embodiments, R⁸ is hydroxy,

In various embodiments, X is a phenyl ring and the NH (or N—R⁹) linker and —CONHR⁸ moiety are disposed about the phenyl ring of Formulae (I^(a)), (I^(b)), or (I^(c)) in either a 1,3-(meta) or a 1,4-(para) configuration. R⁷ can be attached to any ring position of the phenyl ring not occupied by the linker and —CONHR⁸ moiety. Such attachment includes 1,2-(ortho), 1,3-(meta) and 1,4-(para) configurations wherein the linker is at position 1. In the Tables that follow, ortho-, meta- and para-configurations of R⁷ mean attachment to positions 2, 3, and 4, respectively, of the phenyl ring as shown in Formulae (I^(a)-a), (I^(b)-a), (I^(b)-b), (I^(b)-c), (I^(b)-d), and (I^(c)a). Where R⁷ is an ortho-substitution (i.e., position 2), meta-CONHR⁸ moiety is intended to be at position 5.

In various embodiments, the invention provides a compound of Formula (I^(a)) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein m, n, R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above for various aspects of Formula (I).

In particular embodiments, the invention provides a compound of Formula (I^(a)-a) (i.e., Formula (I^(a)) where X is phenyl) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined for various aspects of Formula (I) above. In Formula (I^(a)-a), an imidazole ring is substituted on a pyrimidine. The compounds are hydroxamates when R⁸ is hydroxy, and arylamides when R⁸ is substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl. Table 1 provides non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula (I^(a)-a) where m is zero and R^(7′) is H or R⁷, as shown in Structure (A).

TABLE 1 Exemplary compounds of Structure (A): Compound —CONHR⁸ No. R¹ R² R³ R^(7′) attachment R⁸ a-01 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH a-02 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-aminophenyl a-03 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta —OH a-04 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-aminophenyl a-05 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH a-06 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-aminophenyl a-07 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H meta —OH a-08 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-aminophenyl a-09 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H para —OH a-10 H

H H para —OH a-11 H

H H para —OH a-12 H

H H para —OH a-13 H

H H para —OH a-14 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H meta —OH a-15 H

H H meta —OH a-16 H

H H meta —OH a-17 H

H H meta —OH a-18 H

H H meta —OH a-19 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H para 2-aminophenyl a-20 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl a-21 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl a-22 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl a-23 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl a-24 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H meta 2-aminophenyl a-25 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl a-26 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl a-27 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl a-28 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl a-29 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-6- fluorophenyl a-30 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-6- fluorophenyl a-31 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-5- fluorophenyl a-32 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-5- fluorophenyl a-33 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl phenyl a-34 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl phenyl a-35 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para

a-36 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta

a-37 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para —OH a-38 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para 2-aminophenyl a-39 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH a-40 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para

a-41 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para —OH a-42 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para

Compound a-43

Compound a-44

In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound of Formulae (I^(a)-b) (i.e., Formula (I^(a)) where X is thiophene) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein m, R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined for various aspects of Formula (I) above, and where n is 0, 1, or 2.

Non-limiting examples of such compounds include those shown in Table 2 and selected from Structure (B) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R^(7′) is R⁷ or H:

TABLE 2 Exemplary compounds of Structure (B): Compound No. R¹ R² R³ R^(7′) R⁸ b-01 H —CH₃ isopropyl H —OH b-02 H —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-aminophenyl b-03 H —CH₃ isopropyl H —OH b-04 H —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-aminophenyl b-05 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H —OH b-06 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-aminophenyl b-07 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H —OH b-08 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-aminophenyl b-09 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H —OH b-10 H

H H —OH b-11 H

H H —OH b-12 H

H H —OH b-13 H

H H —OH b-14 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H —OH b-15 H

H H —OH b-16 H

H H —OH b-17 H

H H —OH b-18 H

H H —OH b-19 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H 2-aminophenyl b-20 H

H H 2-aminophenyl b-21 H

H H 2-aminophenyl b-22 H

H H 2-aminophenyl b-23 H

H H 2-aminophenyl b-24 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H 2-aminophenyl b-25 H

H H 2-aminophenyl b-26 H

H H 2-aminophenyl b-27 H

H H 2-aminophenyl b-28 H

H H 2-aminophenyl b-29 H —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-amino-6- fluorophenyl b-30 H —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-amino-5- fluorophenyl b-31 H —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl phenyl b-32 H —CH₃ isopropyl H

b-33 H —CH₃ isopropyl H

b-34 H —CH₃ isopropyl —CH₃

Compound b-35

Compound b-36

In another embodiment, such compounds include the following compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein m, R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined for various aspects of Formula (I) above; and n is 0 or 1. These are compounds of Formula (I^(a)) where X is thiazole.

Non-limiting examples of such compounds include the following compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

TABLE 3 Exemplary compounds of Structure (C): Compound No. R¹ R² R³ R^(7′) R⁸ c-01 H —CH₃ isopropyl H —OH c-02 H —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-aminophenyl c-03 H —CH₃ isopropyl H —OH c-04 H —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-aminophenyl c-05 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H —OH c-06 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-aminophenyl c-07 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H —OH c-08 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-aminophenyl c-09 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H —OH c-10 H

H H —OH c-11 H

H H —OH c-12 H

H H —OH c-13 H

H H —OH c-14 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H —OH c-15 H

H H —OH c-16 H

H H —OH c-17 H

H H —OH c-18 H

H H —OH c-19 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H 2-aminophenyl c-20 H

H H 2-aminophenyl c-21 H

H H 2-aminophenyl c-22 H

H H 2-aminophenyl c-23 H

H H 2-aminophenyl c-24 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H 2-aminophenyl c-25 H

H H 2-aminophenyl c-26 H

H H 2-aminophenyl c-27 H

H H 2-aminophenyl c-28 H

H H 2-aminophenyl c-29 H —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-amino-6- fluorophenyl c-30 H —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-amino-5- fluorophenyl c-31 H —CH₃ isopropyl H 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl phenyl c-32 H —CH₃ isopropyl H

c-33 H —CH₃ isopropyl H

c-34 H —CH₃ isopropyl —CH₃

Compound c-35

Compound c-36

In another embodiment, the invention provides a compound of Formula (I^(b)) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein m, n, R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined above for various aspects of Formula (I); and U¹, U² and U³ are ring atoms independently selected from N and C.

In an embodiment of Formula (I^(b)), R¹, R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, chloro, fluoro, bromo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, carboxyl, methylcarboxyl, cyano, methoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, propoxyethyl, methoxyethoxy, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyethoxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, dimethylaminomethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, diethylaminomethyl, dimethylaminoethoxy, dimethylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminoethylamide, trifluoromethoxymethyl, trifluoroethoxymethyl, isopropylcarbonyl, 1-hydoxyethyl, 3-oxetanoxy, trifluoroethylaminomethyl, N-methyl-N-methoxyethyl-aminomethyl, cyclopropanylmethyl, cyclobutoxy, 1-cyclopropanylethoxy, cyclopropanylmethylaminomethyl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-carbonyl, isoindolin-2-yl, N-methoxyethylcarbamoyl, N-(morpholin-4-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl, dimethylaminoethylamino, N,N-dimethylaminoethylcarbamoyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, trifluoromethylphenylethyl, phenoxymethyl, fluorophenoxymethyl, phenylethylaminomethyl, benzylaminomethyl, triazinylmethyl, piperidinylmethyl, piperidinyloxy, trifluoromethylpiperidinylmethyl, pyridinyloxymethyl, pyridinylmethoxy, tetrahydropyrazinyloxy, methylpiperazinylmethyl, methanesulfonyl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl, pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl, pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl, pyrrolidin-1-ylethoxy, pyrrolidin-2-ylethoxy, pyrrolidin-3-ylethoxy, thiazol-4-yl, 2-methyl-thiazol-4-yl, imidazol-1-ylmethyl, imidazol-2-ylmethyl, imidazol-4-ylmethyl, imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl, imidazolidin-4-yl, imidazolidin-1-ylmethyl, imidazolidin-2-ylmethyl, imidazolidin-4-ylmethyl, imidazolin-1-yl, imidazolin-2-yl, imidazolin-4-yl, pyrazolidin-1-yl, pyrazolidin-3-yl, pyrazolidin-4-yl, pyrazolin-1-yl, pyrazolin-3-yl, pyrazolin-4-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl, piperidin-1-ylmethyl, piperidin-2-ylmethyl, piperidin-3-ylmethyl, piperidin-4-ylmethyl, piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, piperazin-3-yl, morpholin-2-yl, morpholin-3-yl, morpholin-4-yl, morpholin-2-ylmethyl, morpholin-3-ylmethyl, morpholin-4-ylmethyl, morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl, morpholin-2-ylethoxy, morpholin-3-ylethoxy and morpholin-4-ylethoxy; R⁶ is halo, hydroxy, alkyl or haloalkyl; m is 0 or 1; R⁷ is fluoro, chloro, bromo, or methyl; n is 0, 1 or 2; and R⁸ is hydroxy, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein aryl or heteroaryl are substituted with —NH₂ or —OH at a ring position adjacent to attachment of the —CONH-moiety, and R⁸ is optionally further substituted with one or more groups selected from amino, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, haloaryl, haloheterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally further substituted with one or more groups selected from halo, hydroxy, alkyl, haloalkyl and cycloalkyl.

In an embodiment, U¹, U² and U³ are selected to be any of the following combinations: U¹, U² and U³ are selected to be any of (a) U¹, U² and U³ are —CH— or —CR⁶—; (b) U¹ and U² are —CH— or —CR⁶— and U³ is —N—; (c) U¹ and U³ are —CH— or —CR⁶— and U² is —N—; and (d) U¹ and U² are —N— and U³ is —CH— or —CR⁶—.

In an embodiment of Formula (I^(b)) where X is phenyl, such compounds include pyridine compound of Formula (I^(b)-a) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined for various aspects of Formula (I) above; m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

Non-limiting examples of such compounds include the compounds shown in Table 3 and selected from those of Structure (D) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where R^(7′) is R⁷ or H:

TABLE 4 Exemplary compounds of Structure (D): Compound —CONHR⁸ No. R¹ R² R³ R^(7′) attachment R⁸ d-01 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH d-02 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-aminophenyl d-03 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta —OH d-04 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-aminophenyl d-05 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH d-06 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-aminophenyl d-07 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H meta —OH d-08 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-aminophenyl d-09 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H para —OH d-10 H

H H para —OH d-11 H

H H para —OH d-12 H

H H para —OH d-13 H

H H para —OH d-14 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H meta —OH d-15 H

H H meta —OH d-16 H

H H meta —OH d-17 H

H H meta —OH d-18 H

H H meta —OH d-19 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H para 2-aminophenyl d-20 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl d-21 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl d-22 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl d-23 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl d-24 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H meta 2-aminophenyl d-25 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl d-26 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl d-27 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl d-28 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl d-29 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-6- fluorophenyl d-30 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-6- fluorophenyl d-31 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-5- fluorophenyl d-32 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-5- fluorophenyl d-33 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl phenyl d-34 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl phenyl d-35 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para

d-36 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta

d-37 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para —OH d-38 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para 2-aminophenyl d-39 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH d-40 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para

d-41 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para —OH d-42 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para

In another embodiment, such compounds include pyridazine compounds of Formula (I^(b)-b) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined for various aspects of Formula (I) above; m is 0, 1, or 2; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

Non-limiting examples of such compounds include the compounds shown in Table 4 and selected from those of Structure (E) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where R^(7′) is R⁷ or H:

TABLE 5 Exemplary compounds of Structure (E): Compound —CONHR⁸ No. R¹ R² R³ R^(7′) attachment R⁸ e-01 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH e-02 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-aminophenyl e-03 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta —OH e-04 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-aminophenyl e-05 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH e-06 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-aminophenyl e-07 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H meta —OH e-08 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-aminophenyl e-09 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H para —OH e-10 H

H H para —OH e-11 H

H H para —OH e-12 H

H H para —OH e-13 H

H H para —OH e-14 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H meta —OH e-15 H

H H meta —OH e-16 H

H H meta —OH e-17 H

H H meta —OH e-18 H

H H meta —OH e-19 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H para 2-aminophenyl e-20 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl e-21 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl e-22 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl e-23 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl e-24 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H meta 2-aminophenyl e-25 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl e-26 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl e-27 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl e-28 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl e-29 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-6- fluorophenyl e-30 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-6- fluorophenyl e-31 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-5- fluorophenyl e-32 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-5- fluorophenyl e-33 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl phenyl e-34 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl phenyl e-35 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para

e-36 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta

e-37 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para —OH e-38 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para 2-aminophenyl e-39 H —CH3 isopropyl H para —OH e-40 H —CH3 isopropyl H para

e-41 H —CH3 isopropyl ortho-F para —OH e-42 H —CH3 isopropyl ortho-F para

In another embodiment, such compounds include 1,3,5-triazine compounds of Formula (I^(b)-c) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined for various aspects of Formula (I) above; m is 0 or 1; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

Non-limiting examples of such compounds include the compounds shown in Table 5 and selected from those of Structure (F) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where R^(7′) is R⁷ or H:

TABLE 6 Exemplary compounds of Structure (F): Compound —CONHR⁸ No. R¹ R² R³ R^(7′) attachment R⁸ f-01 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH f-02 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-aminophenyl f-03 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta —OH f-04 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-aminophenyl f-05 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH f-06 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-aminophenyl f-07 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H meta —OH f-08 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-aminophenyl f-09 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H para —OH f-10 H

H H para —OH f-11 H

H H para —OH f-12 H

H H para —OH f-13 H

H H para —OH f-14 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H meta —OH f-15 H

H H meta —OH f-16 H

H H meta —OH f-17 H

H H meta —OH f-18 H

H H meta —OH f-19 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H para 2-aminophenyl f-20 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl f-21 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl f-22 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl f-23 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl f-24 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H meta 2-aminophenyl f-25 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl f-26 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl f-27 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl f-28 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl f-29 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-6- fluorophenyl f-30 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-6- fluorophenyl f-31 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-5- fluorophenyl f-32 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-5- fluorophenyl f-33 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl phenyl f-34 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl phenyl f-35 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para

f-36 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta

f-37 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para —OH f-38 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para 2-aminophenyl f-39 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH f-40 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para

f-41 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para —OH f-42 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para

In another embodiment, such compounds include 1,2,4-triazine compounds of Formula (I^(b)-d) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined for various aspects of Formula (I) above; m is 0 or 1; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

Non-limiting examples of such compounds include the following compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

TABLE 6 Exemplary compounds of Structure (G): Compound —CONHR⁸ No. R¹ R² R³ R^(7′) attachment R⁸ g-01 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH g-02 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-aminophenyl g-03 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta —OH g-04 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-aminophenyl g-05 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H para —OH g-06 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-aminophenyl g-07 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H meta —OH g-08 —CH₃ —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-aminophenyl g-09 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H para —OH g-10 H

H H para —OH g-11 H

H H para —OH g-12 H

H H para —OH g-13 H

H H para —OH g-14 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H meta —OH g-15 H

H H meta —OH g-16 H

H H meta —OH g-17 H

H H meta —OH g-18 H

H H meta —OH g-19 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H para 2-aminophenyl g-20 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl g-21 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl g-22 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl g-23 H

H H para 2-aminophenyl g-24 H —CH₃ CH₃C(O)— H meta 2-aminophenyl g-25 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl g-26 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl g-27 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl g-28 H

H H meta 2-aminophenyl g-29 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-6- fluorophenyl g-30 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-6- fluorophenyl g-31 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-5- fluorophenyl g-32 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-5- fluorophenyl g-33 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl phenyl g-34 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta 2-amino-5- trifluoromethyl phenyl g-35 H —CH₃ isopropyl H para

g-36 H —CH₃ isopropyl H meta

g-37 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para —OH g-38 H —CH₃ isopropyl ortho-F para 2-aminophenyl g-39 H —CH3 isopropyl H para —OH g-40 H —CH3 isopropyl H para

g-41 H —CH3 isopropyl ortho-F para —OH g-42 H —CH3 isopropyl ortho-F para

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pyrimidine compound of Formula (I^(c)) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein m, n, R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are as defined above for various aspects of Formula (I); and R⁹ is a non-hydrogen substituent selected from alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl and aryl, wherein R⁹ is optionally substituted by one or more D where such an optional substitution is chemically feasible.

In an embodiment of Formula (I^(c)), R¹, R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, chloro, methoxy, ethoxy, methoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, propoxyethyl, methoxyethoxy, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyethoxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, dimethylaminomethyl, diethylaminomethyl, dimethylaminoethoxy, trifluoromethoxymethyl, trifluoroethoxymethyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, trifluoromethylphenylethyl, phenoxymethyl, fluorophenoxymethyl, phenylethylaminomethyl, benzylaminomethyl, morpholinylmethyl, morpholinylethoxy, imidazolylmethyl, triazinylmethyl, piperidinylmethyl, piperidinyloxy, trifluoromethylpiperidinylmethyl, pyridinyloxymethyl, pyridinylmethoxy, tetrahydropyrazinyloxy, methylpiperazinylmethyl, pyrrolidinylmethyl and pyrrolidinylethoxy; R⁶ is halo, hydroxy, alkyl or haloalkyl; m is 0 or 1; R⁷ is fluoro, chloro, bromo, or methyl; n is 0, 1 or 2; R⁸ is hydroxy, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein aryl or heteroaryl are substituted with —NH₂ or —OH at a ring position adjacent to attachment of the —CONH-moiety, and R⁸ is optionally further substituted with one or more groups selected from amino, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, haloaryl, haloheterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally further substituted with one or more groups selected from halo, hydroxy, alkyl, haloalkyl and cycloalkyl; and R⁹ is alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or aryl, wherein R⁹ is optionally substituted by one or more D where such an optional substitution is chemically feasible.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a compound selected from those of of Formula (I^(c)) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In embodiments where X of Formula (I^(c)) is phenyl or thiophene, compounds include those of Formula (I^(c)-a) and Formula (I^(c)-b), respectively, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts:

wherein m, n, R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are as defined for various aspects of Formulae (I), (I^(a)) and (I^(b)) above; and R⁹ is a non-hydrogen substituent selected from alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heterocyclyl, wherein R⁹ is optionally substituted by one or more D where such an optional substitution is chemically feasible.

In various embodiments of Formulae (I^(c)-a) and (I^(c)-b), the identity of groups R¹, R², R³, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ can be any of those described for the pyrimidine compounds of Formula (I^(a)-a); and R⁹ is alkyl, haloalkyl or aminoalkyl. In particular, examples of compounds of Formulae (I^(c)-a) and (I^(c)-b) include those having the same combination or pattern of substituents given in the table for Compounds a-01 to a-38 wherein R⁹ can be methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl or trifluoroethyl for each combination.

Compound Preparation

A compound of the present invention such as those of Formulae (I), (I^(a)), (I^(b)), and (I^(c)) can be prepared according to the schemes described below, but it shall be appreciated that modifications of the illustrated process or other process can also be used. Schemes A, B, and C illustrate a method to prepare a compound of Formula (I) from ketone compound 1 and guanidine compound 2.

Ketone compound 1 is dissolved in a solvent such as dimethylformamide (DMF) to prepare a solution. Guanidine compound 2 containing an X aromatic group is added to the solution, and the mixture is refluxed. (For clarity, the group X in the synthetic schemes is given without the R⁷ group that is optionally attached in the compounds.) The solid product is recovered and dried to yield compound 3, containing the pyrimidine ring formed from the reaction of 1 and 2.

In various embodiments, compound 3 is converted to hydroxamates or arylamides of Formula I. Scheme B below illustrates synthesis of hydroxamates, and scheme C illustrates synthesis of arylamides (where the group R⁸ is a substituted aryl ring) from intermediate compound 3.

In an illustrative synthesis, compound 3 is dissolved in a solvent such as a mixture of methanol and dichloromethane and the mixture is stirred to prepare a solution. NH₂OH is added to the stirred solution slowly. After stirring, NaOH is added dropwise and brought to room temperature and stirred. The volatiles are evaporated under vacuum, diluted with water, and cooled. The pH of the solution is adjusted to about 7 using HCl and stirred. The resulting solid is filtered, washed with water and dried under vacuum to afford Compound 4 containing a hydroxamate group —NH₂OH.

In Scheme C, the intermediate ester compound 3 is converted to an arylamide compound, illustrated by compound 5, wherein T stands for NH₂ or OH (attached to the phenyl ring at a position adjacent to the —NHC(O)—X— moiety) and R¹⁰ is selected from amino, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, haloaryl and haloheterocyclyl.

Ester compound 3 is converted to the free carboxylic acid, and is then reacted with substituted aniline 4 to yield an arylamide of formula 5. For example, LiOH is added to a stirred solution of compound 3 in a mixture of solvents. The volatiles are removed under vacuum, and the residue is diluted with water and acidified to about pH 3. The resulting solids are filtered, washed with water and dried under vacuum to furnish a carboxylic acid intermediate. The intermediate is dissolved in a solvent such as DMF and the mixture is stirred to prepare a solution. To the stirred solution is added 1-ethyl-3-(3′-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI) followed by hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt). After stirring, diisopropyl ethyl amine is added and stirred. Then substituted aniline 4 (representative of substituted aryl or heteroaryl) is added, and the reaction mixture is stirred. The solvent is removed under vacuum. The residue is diluted with water and stirred. The resulting solids are filtered and purified through column chromatography to provide benzamide 5.

In various embodiments, the compounds of the present invention inhibit histone deacetylase and/or CDK and are useful to treat or ameliorate diseases mediated directly or indirectly by HDAC and/or CDK. Therefore, another aspect of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds as described above.

In one embodiment of the invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising, in addition to one or more compounds described herein, at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or carrier. The composition can take any suitable form for the desired route of administration. Where the composition is to be administered orally, any suitable orally deliverable dosage form can be used, including without limitation tablets, capsules (solid- or liquid-filled), powders, granules, syrups and other liquids, elixirs, inhalants, troches, lozenges, and solutions. Injectable compositions or iv infusions are also provided in the form of solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.

A pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may contain one or more additional therapeutic agents, for example, to increase the efficacy or decrease the side effects. In some embodiments, accordingly, a pharmaceutical composition further contains one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from active ingredients useful to treat or inhibit diseases mediated directly or indirectly by HDAC and/or CDK. Examples of such active ingredients are, without limitation, agents to treat or inhibit cancer, Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis, liver fibrosis, renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, skin fibrosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure or Alzheimer's disease.

In an embodiment, an additional therapeutic agent to be included is an anti-cancer agent. Examples of an anti-cancer agent include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, and cisplatin; antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, fluorouracil, and cytarabine; plant alkaloids such as vinblastine, and paclitaxel; antitumor antibiotics such as doxorubicin, bleomycin, and mitomycin; hormones/antihormones such as prednisone, tamoxifen, and flutamide; other types of anticancer agents such as asparaginase, rituximab, trastuzumab, imatinib, retinoic acid and derivatives, colony-stimulating factors, amifostine, camptothecin, topotecan, thalidomide analogs such as lenalidomide, CDK inhibitor and other HDAC inhibitor such as histone deacetylase 1 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 2 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 3 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 4 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 5 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 7 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 8 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 9 inhibitors, histone deacetylase 10 inhibitors, and histone deacetylase 11 inhibitors.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method of inhibiting or treating diseases arising from abnormal cell proliferation and/or differentiation in animal, comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds according to the present invention. In one embodiment, the method of inhibiting or treating disease comprises administering to an animal a composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The composition to be administered may further contain a therapeutic agent such as anti-cancer agent.

A method of the present invention is particularly suitable for use with humans, but may be used with other animals, particularly mammals, such as, for example, non-human primates, companion animals, farm animals, laboratory animals, and wild and zoo animals.

A method of the present invention is particularly useful to treat diseases mediated directly or indirectly by HDAC and/or CDK since the compounds of the present invention have inhibitory activity against those molecules. In some embodiments, therefore, a method of the present invention is used in inhibiting or treating HDAC- and/or CDK-mediated diseases. Examples of such disease include, but are not limited to, cell proliferative diseases such as cancer, autosomal dominant disorders such as Huntington's disease, genetic related metabolic disorder such as cystic fibrosis, fibrosis such as liver fibrosis, renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis and skin fibrosis, autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, acute and chronic neurological diseases such as stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hypertrophy such as cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure including congestive heart failure, and Alzheimer's disease.

In an embodiment, a method according to the present invention is applied to a patient with cancer or fibrosis. In some embodiments, a method using a compound according to the present invention is used to treat or inhibit fibrosis selected from the group consisting of cystic fibrosis, injection fibrosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis and renal fibrosis. In some other embodiments, a method using a compound according to the present invention is used to treat or inhibit a cancer selected from bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon and rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney (renal cell) cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer (non-melanoma), and thyroid cancer.

Examples

Further non-limiting description is provided in the following Examples.

Example 1 N-(2-amino-phenyl)-4-[4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-benzamide

Preparation of Intermediate (hereinafter “Int”) 3: A mixture of Int-1 (720 mg, 4.34 mmol) and N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF.DMA) (5 mL) was heated in microwave (Emry's Optimizer) at 160° C. After 4 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and hexane (100 mL) was poured. The resulting solid was filtered and washed with hexanes and dried to give Int-2. MS found for C₁₂H₁₉N₃O (m/z): 223.1 [M⁺+1]. A mixture of Int-2 (222 mg, 1.0 mmol), 4-guanidinobenzoic acid hydrochloride (215 mg, 1.0 mmol) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) (0.3 mL, 2.0 mmol) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (4 mL) was heated in microwave (Emry's Optimizer) at 160° C. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and acetonitrile and directly purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) affording Int-3. MS found for C₁₈H₁₉N₅O₂ (m/z): 338.1 [M⁺+1].

Preparation of Compound 4: To Int-3 (100 mg, 0.3 mmol) in NMP (4 mL), was added O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) (171 mg, 0.45 mmol), 1,2-phenylenediamine (65 mg, 0.6 mmol) and N-methylmorpholine (NMM) (0.1 mL, 0.9 mmol) and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and acetonitrile and directly purified by preparative HPLC affording Compound 4 as tan solid, after lyophilization. MS found for C₂₄H₂₅N₇) as (M+H)⁺ 428.6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 10.01 (s, 1H); 9.59 (s, 1H); 8.64 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 8.09 (s, 1H); 7.92 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.79 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.16 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 7.13 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 6.97 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 6.81 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 6.62 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 5.59 (m, 1H); 3.28 (brs); 2.70 (s, 3H); 1.50 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 2 N-hydroxy-4-[4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-benzamide

To Int-3 (146 mg, 0.43 mmol) in NMP (6 mL) were added HATU (247 mg, 0.65 mmol), O-(Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)hydroxylamine (76 mg, 0.65 mmol) and NMM (0.15 mL, 1.3 mmol) and stirred. After 2 hours, additional O-(Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)hydroxylamine (51 mg, 0.43 mmol), HATU (82 mg, 0.22 mmol) and NMM (0.1 mL) were added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Then methanol (10 mL) and 1N HCl (12 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water and acetonitrile and directly purified by preparative HPLC affording Compound 5 as tan solid, after lyophilization. MS found for C₁₈H₂₀N6₇O₂ as (M+H)⁺ 353.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 11.03 (s, 1H); 9.73 (s, 1H); 8.85 (s, 1H); 8.43 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 7.75 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.72 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.46 (s, 1H); 7.09 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 5.70 (m, 1H); 2.45 (s, 3H); 1.45 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 3 N-(2-amino-5-thiophen-2-yl-phenyl)-4-[4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-benzamide

To Int-3 (75 mg, 0.3 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) were added HATU (110 mg, 0.29 mmol), tert-butyl 2-amino-4-(thiophen-2-yl)phenylcarbamate (84 mg, 0.29 mmol) and NMM (0.08 mL, 0.67 mmol) and stirred at room temperature. After 2 hours, additional tert-butyl 2-amino-4-(thiophen-2-yl)phenylcarbamate (65 mg, 0.22 mmol) and NMM (0.08 mL, 0.67 mmol) were added and stirred at room temperature. After 16 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and 4.0 M HCl in dioxane (1 mL) was added and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and diluted with water and acetonitrile and purified by preparative HPLC affording Compound 6, after lyophilization. MS found for C₂₈H₂₇N₇OS as (M+H)⁺ 510.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 9.81 (s, 1H); 9.58 (s, 1H); 8.46 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 7.93 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.84 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.50 (s, 1H); 7.44-7.33 (m, 1H); 7.33-7.21 (m, 3H); 7.12 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 7.03-7.00 (m, 1H); 6.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.73 (m, 1H); 2.50 (s, 3H); 1.49 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 4 N-(2-amino-5-fluoro-phenyl)-4-[4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-benzamide

To Int-3 (100 mg, 0.3 mmol) in DMF (5 mL), were added HATU (169 mg, 0.44 mmol), tert-butyl 2-amino-4-fluorophenylcarbamate (134 mg, 0.59 mmol) and NMM (0.13 mL, 1.18 mmol) and stirred at room temperature. After 14 hours, additional tert-butyl 2-amino-4-fluorophenylcarbamate (335 mg, 1.4 mmol) and NMM (0.13 mL, 1.18 mmol) were added and stirred at room temperature. After 16 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and 4.0 M HCl in dioxane (5 mL) was added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then concentrated, diluted with water and acetonitrile, and purified by preparative HPLC affording Compound 7 after lyophilization. MS found for C₂₄H₂₄FN₇O as (M+H)⁺ 446.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 9.81 (s, 1H); 9.49 (s, 1H); 8.46 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 7.92 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.83 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.49 (s, 1H); 7.15-7.11 (m, 2H); 6.79-6.74 (m, 2H); 5.71 (m, 1H); 2.50 (s, 3H); 1.49 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 5 N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-(5-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-1,2,4-triazin-3-ylamino)benzamide

To the mixture of Int-1 (500 mg, 3.25 mmol) in acetic acid (5 mL) was added 1M solution of Br₂ in acetic acid (0.33 mL, 6.50 mmmol). After 2 hours at 100° C., reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated, which was then washed with hexanes (100 mL) to give 2,2-dibromo-1-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethanone which was used further without purification. To the above dibromide in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (5 mL) under N₂ was added morpholine (1.2 mL, 13.7 mmol) at room temperature and the resulting solution was heated to 67° C. After 96 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, the suspension was filtered through a funnel (M) and the solids were washed with THF (25 mL). The filtrate was then concentrated to give the crude aminal intermediate, which was used without further purification. The crude aminal was dissolved in MeOH (5 mL) and treated with aminoguanidine bicarbonate (442 mg, 3.25 mmol) and AcOH (0.6 mL, 9.75 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The resulting solution was then heated at 75° C. for 14 hours. The resulting dark brown solution was cooled to room temperature, concentrated, diluted with H₂O and washed with heptane (50 mL). The aqueous layer was concentrated and diluted with water and acetonitrile and purified by preparative HPLC to give 5-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-[1,2,4]triazin-3-ylamine after lyophilization. MS found for C₁₀H₁₄N₆ as (M+H)⁺ 219.4.

A mixture of the above amino triazine (100 mg, 0.46 mmol), 4-bromo-benzoic acid ethyl ester (136 mg, 0.60 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd₂(dba)₃) (10 mg, 0.01 mmol), XantPhos (11 mg, 0.01 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (350 mg, 1.07 mmol) in dioxane (3 mL) was heated in microwave (Emry's Optimizer) at 120° C. After 30 minutes, the reaction mixture was concentrated to give 4-[5-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-[1,2,4]triazin-3-ylamino]-benzoic acid ethyl ester which was used further without purification. MS found for C₁₉H₂₂N₆O₂ as (M+H)⁺ 367.22. To the above crude ester in EtOH/THF (5:2) (7 mL) was added 1N NaOH (4.6 mL) and stirred at room temperature. After 12 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with water and washed with ether (3×). The aqueous phase was then neutralized with 1N HCl (6 mL) and the precipitated solid was filtered, washed with water and dried to give the acid which was used for the next step without purification. MS found for C₁₇H₁₈N₆O₂ as (M+H)⁺ 339.08.

To the above carboxylic acid (130 mg, 0.39 mmol) in NMP (4 mL), was added HATU (234 mg, 0.62 mmol), 1,2-phenylenediamine (84 mg, 0.77 mmol) and NMM (0.2 mL, 1.54 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water and acetonitrile and directly purified by preparative HPLC affording the title compound as tan solid, after lyophilization. MS found for C₂₃H₂₄N₈O as (M+H)⁺ 429.02. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 10.37 (s, 1H); 9.69 (s, 1H); 9.21 (s, 1H); 8.27 (s, 1H); 8.04 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.82 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.17 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 7.04 (m, 1H); 6.85 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 6.69 (m, 1H); 5.77 (m, 1H); 2.67 (s, 3H); 1.53 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 6 N-(2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 3 was followed to obtain the title compound using tert-butyl 2-amino-4-trifluoromethylphenylcarbamate. C₂₅H₂₄F₃N₇O 496.05 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 9.79 (s, 1H); 9.54 (s, 1H); 8.44 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 7.94 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.84 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.47 (m, 2H); 7.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); 7.12 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 6.85 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.75 (m, 1H); 5.61 (brs, 2H); 2.49 (s, 3H); 1.48 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 7 N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(5-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-1,2,4-triazin-3-ylamino)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 5 was followed to obtain the title compound using tert-butyl 2-amino-4-(thiophen-2-yl)phenylcarbamate. C₂₇H₂₆N₈OS 511.04 (M+1). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 10.12 (s, 1H); 9.63 (s, 1H); 9.18 (s, 1H); 8.00 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.91 (s, 1H); 7.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.44 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); 7.33-7.21 (m, 3H); 7.03 (m, 1H); 6.80 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.83 (m, 1H); 5.01 (brs, 2H); 2.52 (s, 3H); 1.50 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 8 N-hydroxy-5-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiophene-2-carboxamide

A mixture of Int-2 (439 mg, 1.97 mmol) and guanidine carbonate (791 mg, 4.39 mmol) in 2-methoxyethanol (8 mL) was heated in microwave (Emry's Optimizer) at 160° C. After 30 minutes, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) (3×40 mL) and the combined DCM layers were dried (MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration gave Int-8 which was used for the next step without purification. MS found for C₁₁H₁₅N₅ as (M+H)⁺ 218.10.

A mixture of the Int-8 (217 mg, 1 mmol), 5-bromo-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (332 mg, 1.5 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (18 mg, 0.02 mmol), XantPhos (29 mg, 0.05 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (488 mg, 1.5 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) was heated in a pressure vessel at 130° C. After 13 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated to give the coupled product which was used further without purification. MS found for C₁₇H₁₉N₅O₂S as (M+H)⁺ 358.31. To the above crude ester in MeOH/THF (8:3) (11 mL) was added 3N NaOH (3.0 mL) and stirred at 60° C. After 48 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with water and washed with ether (3×). The aqueous phase was then neutralized with 6N HCl (1.5 mL) and the precipitated solid was filtered, washed with water and dried to give Int-9, which was used for the next step without purification. MS found for C₁₆H₁₇N₅O₂S as (M+H)⁺ 344.16.

To Int-9 (91 mg, 0.27 mmol) in DMF (3 mL), was added HATU (151 mg, 0.39 mmol), O-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) hydroxylamine (62 mg, 0.53 mmol) and NMM (0.1 mL, 0.8 mmol) and stirred. After 24 hours, additional O-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)hydroxylamine (62 mg, 0.53 mmol), HATU (151 mg, 0.39 mmol) and NMM (0.1 mL) was added and stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. Then methanol (5 mL) and 1N HCl (5.2 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and then diluted with water and acetonitrile and directly purified by preparative HPLC affording the title compound, after lyophilization. MS found for C₁₆H₁₈N₆O₂S as (M+H)⁺ 359.04. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 10.84 (brs, 2H); 8.89 (brs, 1H); 8.47 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 7.45 (m, 2H); 7.10 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 6.66 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H); 5.68 (m, 1H); 2.48 (s, 3H); 1.48 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 9 N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzamide

Similar procedure from Example 3 was followed to obtain the title compound using (3-amino-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester instead of tert-butyl 2-amino-4-(thiophen-2-yl)phenylcarbamate. MS found for C₃₀H₂₈FN₇O as (M+H)⁺ 522.04. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 9.81 (s, 1H); 9.55 (s, 1H); 8.46 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 7.93 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.80 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.55-7.42 (m, 3H); 7.24-7.14 (m, 5H); 6.81 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 5.66 (m, 1H); 2.50 (s, 3H); 1.46 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 10 N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-5-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiophene-2-carboxamide

Similar procedure from Example 8 was followed to obtain the title compound using Int-9 and (2-amino-4-thiophen-2-yl-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. MS found for C₂₆H₂₅N₇S₂O as (M+H)⁺ 515.95. ¹NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 11.19 (brs, 1H); 9.51 (s, 1H); 8.69 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 8.07 (s, 1H); 7.77 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H); 7.36-7.16 (m, 4H); 6.99 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 6.75 (m, 2H); 5.58 (m, 1H); 2.69 (s, 3H); 1.52 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 11 N-(2-aminophenyl)-5-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiophene-2-carboxamide

Similar procedure from Example 8 was followed to obtain the title compound using Int-9 and 1,2-phenylenediamine. MS found for C₂₂H₂₃N₇SO as (M+H)⁺ 434.03. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 10.92 (brs, 1H); 9.38 (s, 1H); 8.48 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 8.06 (s, 1H); 7.72 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H); 7.51 (s, 1H); 7.09-7.05 (m, 2H); 6.91 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H); 6.71 (m, 1H); 6.53 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H); 5.68 (m, 1H); 2.48 (s, 3H); 1.48 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 12 N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2ylamino)benzamide

To a solution of 4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (6.6 g, 40.25 mmol) in acetonitrile (35 mL) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) (14 mL, 80.5 mmol), di-tert-butyl carbonate (17.5 g, 80.5 mmol) in acetonitrile (30 mL) was added and stirred at 70° C. After 48 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the resulting solid was filtered and washed with acetonitrile and dried. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.96 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 7.41 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); 6.65 (s, 1H); 4.35 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H); 1.51 (s, 9H); 1.36 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). To a suspension of NaH (60%, 392 mg, 9.8 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at 0° C., 4-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-benzoic acid ethyl ester (1 g, 3.92 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added. After 5 minutes at 0° C., the ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Then 2,4-dichloro-[1,3,5]triazine (1 g, 6.7 mmol) was added and stirred at room temperature. After 16 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). The combined ethyl acetate layers were washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration followed by purification [Flash Chromatography (SiO₂, 2:8/EtOAc:Hexanes)] gave Int-12. MS found for C₁₇H₁₉ClN₄O₄ as (M+H)⁺ 378.81. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.69 (s, 1H); 8.12 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.25 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 4.39 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H); 1.44 (s, 9H); 1.36 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

To a solution of 1-isopropyl-2-methyl-1H-imidazole (3.4 g, 27.4 mmol) [prepared from 2-methylimidazole and 2-iodopropane in DMF with K₂CO₃ as base. MS found for C₇H₁₂N₂ as (M+H)⁺ 125.06. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.84 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H); 6.82 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H); 4.23 (septet, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 2.31 (s, 3H); 1.36 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); ¹³C NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 143.52, 127.06, 114.62, 47.26, 23.26, 13.10] in isopropyl acetate (70 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (757 mg, 5.48 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. Then N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) (4.4 g, 24.67 mmol) was slowly added in three portions (over 30 minutes). After 1 hour, the reaction was quenched with water (15 mL). The organic layer was separated and then washed with aqueous K₂CO₃ (50 mL) solution. The aqueous layer was then back extracted with isopropyl acetate (3×) and the combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration followed by purification [Flash Chromatography (SiO₂, 97:3/EtOAc:Methanol)] gave Int-13. MS found for C₇H₁₁BrN₂ as (M+H)⁺ 204.92. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.79 (s, 1H); 4.53 (septet, J=7.2 Hz, 1H); 2.41 (s, 3H); 1.48 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

To a solution of 5-bromo-1-isopropyl-2-methyl-1H-imidazole (355 mg, 1.76 mmol) in dry THF (8 mL) under N₂ at −78° C. was added n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 0.8 mL, 1.98 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 1 hour. Then freshly dried zinc bromide (446 mg, 1.98 mmol) in dry THF (10 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was slowly warmed up to room temperature and Int-12 (500 mg, 1.32 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (76 mg, 0.7 mmol) were added. After heating for 12 hours at 70° C., the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. It was then diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated NaHCO₃, brine, and then dried (MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration gave 4-{tert-butoxycarbonyl-[4-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-[1,3,5]triazin-2-yl]-amino}-benzoic acid ethyl ester, which was used for the next step without purification. MS found for C₂₄H₃₀N₆O₄ as (M+H)⁺ 467.38. The above butoxycarbonyl (Boc) compound was dissolved in DCM (20 mL) and treated with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was then diluted with DCM and washed with saturated NaHCO₃, brine, and then dried (MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration gave 4-[4-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-[1,3,5]triazin-2-ylamino]-benzoic acid ethyl ester which was used for the next step without purification. MS found for C₁₉H₂₂N₆O₂ as (M+H)⁺ 367.31.

To the above ester in EtOH/THF (10:3) (13 mL) was added 3N NaOH (4.5 mL) and stirred at room temperature. After 14 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with water and washed with ether (30 mL). The aqueous phase was then neutralized with 6N HCl (1.5 mL) and then extracted with ethyl acetate and dried (MgSO₄). The mixture was then filtered, concentrated and diluted with water and acetonitrile and directly purified by preparative HPLC giving 4-[4-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-[1,3,5]triazin-2-ylamino]-benzoic acid. MS found for C₁₇H₁₈N₆O₂ as (M+H)⁺ 339.06. To the above carboxylic acid (150 mg, 0.4 mmol) in NMP (3 mL), was added HATU (228 mg, 0.60 mmol), 1,2-phenylenediamine (95 mg, 0.90 mmol) and NMM (0.2 mL, 1.60 mmol) and stirred for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and acetonitrile and directly purified by preparative HPLC affording the title compound, after lyophilization. MS found for C₂₃H₂₄N₈O as (M+H)⁺ 429.09. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 9.85 (s, 1H); 9.21 (s, 1H); 8.85 (s, 1H); 8.30 (s, 1H); 7.99 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H); 7.79 (m, 2H); 7.21 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); 7.08-6.84 (m, 3H); 5.89 (septet, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 2.71 (s, 3H); 1.53 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 13 N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-5-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiophene-2-carboxamide

Similar procedure from Example 8 was followed to obtain the title compound using Int-9 and (3-amino-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. MS found for C₂₈H₂₆N₇FOS as (M+H)⁺ 528.00. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 10.90 (brs, 1H); 8.46 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 8.09 (s, 1H); 7.75 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H); 7.53-7.37 (m, 3H); 7.23-7.07 (m, 4H); 6.80 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 6.72 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H); 5.68 (m, 1H); 4.99 (brs, 2H); 2.44 (s, 3H); 1.46 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 14 N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-5-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-4-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide

A mixture of Int-8 (434 mg, 2 mmol), 5-bromo-4-methyl-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (705 mg, 3.0 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (37 mg, 0.04 mmol), XantPhos (58 mg, 0.1 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (1.4 g, 4.4 mmol) in dioxane (12 mL) was heated in a pressure vessel at 130° C. After 13 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with THF, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by Flash Chromatography (SiO₂, 9:1:0.2/DCM:MeOH:triethylamine(TEA)) to give 5-[4-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-4-methyl-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester. MS found for C₁₈H₂₁N₅O₂S as (M+H)⁺ 372.28.

To the above ester in MeOH/THF (10:5) (15 mL) was added 3N NaOH (5.0 mL) and stirred at 60° C. After 14 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with water and washed with ether (30 mL). The aqueous phase was then neutralized with 6 N HCl (1.5 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate, and then dried (MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration gave the acid which was used further without purification. MS found for C₁₇H₁₉N₅O₂S as (M+H)⁺ 358.24. To the above acid (70 mg, 0.2 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), was added HATU (114 mg, 0.3 mmol), (3-amino-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (118 mg, 0.4 mmol) and NMM (0.1 mL, 0.78 mmol) and stirred at 50° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and acetonitrile. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with water, and dried to give [4′-fluoro-3-({5-[4-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-4-methyl-thiophene-2-carbonyl}-amino)-biphenyl-4-yl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. MS found for C₃₄H₃₆FN₇O₃S as (M+H)⁺ 642.02.

To the above Boc protected compound was added 4.0 M HCl dioxane (8.0 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and diluted with water and acetonitrile and directly purified by preparative HPLC. Lyophilization followed to give the title compound. MS found for C₂₉H₂₈N₇FOS as (M+H)⁺ 541.93. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 9.67 (brs, 1H); 9.47 (s, 1H); 8.39 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 8.08 (s, 1H); 7.66 (s, 1H); 7.52-7.48 (m, 2H); 7.38 (m, 2H); 7.22-7.12 (m, 3H); 7.05 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 6.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.69 (m, 1H); 2.43 (s, 3H) ; 2.15 (s, 3H); 1.36 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6).

Example 15 N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-2-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiazole-5-carboxamide

A mixture of the Int-8 (434 mg, 2 mmol), 2-bromo-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (708 mg, 3.0 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (37 mg, 0.04 mmol), XantPhos (58 mg, 0.1 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (1.4 g, 4.4 mmol) in dioxane (12 mL) was heated in a pressure vessel at 130° C. After 13 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with THF (30 mL), and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by Flash Chromatography (SiO₂, 9:1:0.2/DCM:MeOH:TEA) to give 2-[4-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. MS found for C₁₇H₂₀N₆O₂S as (M+H)⁺ 373.30. To the above ester in EtOH/THF (10:5) (15 mL) was added 3N NaOH (6.0 mL) and stirred at 55° C. After 14 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with water and washed with ether (30 mL). The aqueous phase was then neutralized with 6N HCl (3.0 mL). The solids formed were filtered, washed with water, and dried. MS found for C₁₅H₁₆N₆O₂S as (M+H)⁺ 345.06. The acid was used further without purification.

To the above acid (212 mg, 0.62 mmol) in NMP (3 mL), was added HATU (351 mg, 0.92 mmol), (3-amino-4′-fluoro-biphenyl-4-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (372 mg, 1.23 mmol) and NMM (0.3 mL, 2.5 mmol) and stirred at 50° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and acetonitrile. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with water, and dried to give [4′-fluoro-3-({2-[4-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-thiazole-5-carbonyl}-amino)-biphenyl-4-yl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. MS found for C₃₂H₃₃FN₈O₃S as (M+H)⁺ 629.23.

To the above Boc protected compound was added 4.0 M HCl in dioxane (10.0 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and diluted with water and acetonitrile and directly purified by preparative HPLC. Lyophilization followed to give the title compound. MS found for C₂₇H₂₅N₈FOS as (M+H)⁺ 529.05. ¹NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 12.01 (s, 1H); 9.58 (s, 1H); 8.54 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 8.23 (s, 1H); 7.53 (m, 3H); 7.39 (s, 1H); 7.26-7.13 (m, 4H); 6.80 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 5.78 (m, 1H); 5.06 (s, 2H); 2.45 (s, 3H) ; 1.44 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 16 N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-2-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiazole-5-carboxamide

Similar procedure from Example 15 was followed to obtain the title compound using Int-10 and (2-amino-4-thiophen-2-yl-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. MS found for C₂₅H₂₄N₈S₂O as (M+H)⁺ 516.89. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 12.01 (brs, 1H); 9.59 (s, 1H); 8.54 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 8.23 (s, 1H); 7.53 (s, 1H); 7.37-7.18 (m, 5H); 6.75 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.81 (m, 1H); 5.12 (brs, 2H); 2.45 (s, 3H); 1.44 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 17 N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-5-(5-fluoro-4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiophene-2-carboxamide

To a solution of Int-2 (640 mg, 2.88 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) at −78° C., Selectfluor (1.52 g, 4.3 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 minutes and then warmed up to room temperature. After 16 hours, ammonium hydroxide solution (3 mL) was added and stirred. The reaction mixture was then diluted with DCM and dried (MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration gave a brown solid, which was then treated with DCM (70 mL) and stirred. Insolubles were filtered and the filtrate was concentrated and purified by Flash Chromatography (SiO₂, 10:90/MeOH:DCM) to give 3-dimethylamino-2-fluoro-1-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-propenone. MS found for C₁₂H₁₈N₃OF as (M+H)⁺ 240.28.

A mixture of 3-dimethylamino-2-fluoro-1-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-propenone (550 mg, 2.33 mmol) and guanidine carbonate (884 mg, 4.9 mmol) in 2-methoxyethanol (7 mL) was heated in microwave (Emry's Optimizer) at 160° C. After 30 minutes, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with DCM. The combined DCM layers were dried (MgSO₄). Filtration and concentration gave 5-fluoro-4-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamine, which was used for the next step without purification. MS found for C₁₁H₁₄N₅F as (M+H)⁺ 236.08.

A mixture of the above amine (235 mg, 1.71 mmol), 5-bromo-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (565 mg, 2.56 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (31 mg, 0.03 mmol), XantPhos (49 mg, 0.09 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (1.1 g, 3.42 mmol) in dioxane was heated in a pressure vessel at 130° C. After 13 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with dioxane/THF (1:1, 40 mL) and stirred. The mixture was then filtered through celite pad and washed with DCM/THF. The filtrate was then concentrated and used further without purification. MS found for C₁₇H₁₈FN₅O₂S as (M+H)⁺ 376.15. To the above crude ester in MeOH/THF (1:1) (10 mL) was added 3N NaOH (4.0 mL) and stirred at 55° C. After 16 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with water and washed with ether (3×). The aqueous phase was then neutralized with 6N HCl (1.5 mL) and the precipitated solid was dried to give 5-[5-fluoro-4-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid which was used for the next step without purification. MS found for C₁₆H₁₆FN₅O₂S as (M+H)⁺ 362.07.

To the above acid (1.0 equiv) in NMP (5 mL), was added HATU (1.5 equiv), (2-amino-4-thiophen-2-yl-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1.5 equiv.) and NMM (6.0 equiv). The reaction mixture was then stirred at 50° C. for 48 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and acetonitrile and the resulting solid was filtered, washed with water, and dried to give [2-({5-[5-fluoro-4-(3-isopropyl-2-methyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamino]-thiophene-2-carbonyl}-amino)-4-thiophen-2-yl-phenyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. MS found for C₃₁H₃₂FN₇O₃S₂ as (M+H)⁺ 633.97.

To the above Boc protected compound was added 4.0 M HCl in dioxane and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and diluted with water and acetonitrile and directly purified by preparative HPLC. Lyophilization followed to give the title compound. MS found for C₂₆H₂₄N₇FOS₂ as (M+H)⁺ 533.93. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 10.98 (s, 1H); 9.47 (s, 1H); 8.63 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H); 8.12 (s, 1H); 7.75 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H); 7.35-7.17 (m, 6H); 6.99 (m, 1H); 6.71 (m, 2H); 5.42 (m, 1H); 5.04 (brs, 2H); 2.47 (s, 3H); 1.44 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 6H).

Example 18 N-(2-aminophenyl)-2-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiazole-5-carboxamide

Similar procedure from Example 15 was followed to obtain the title compound using Int-10 and 1,2-phenylenediamine. MS found for C₂₁H₂₂N₈SO as (M+H)⁺ 434.98. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, dmso-d₆): δ 12.01 (brs, 1H); 9.53 (s, 1H); 8.56 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H); 8.23 (s, 1H); 8.12 (s, 1H); 7.55 (s, 1H); 7.28 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H); 7.10 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 6.94 Hz, 1H); 6.74 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); 6.57 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H); 5.84 (m, 1H); 4.88 (brs, 1H); 2.48 (s, 3H); 1.47 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

Example 19 Biological Assays

HDAC inhibitory activity of the compounds of Examples 1-18 was measured by two types of assays in which HDAC 1 was used as a target molecule. The first assay was carried out without preincubation after addition of the enzyme. The test compound was suspended in and titrated in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). It was then spotted into a 384-well test plate. The enzyme, HDAC 1, was diluted in assay buffer containing 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, and 0.01% Tween-20 and added to the pre-spotted compound. The peptide substrate containing a fluorophore/quencher pair was diluted in the same assay buffer and added to the compound/enzyme mix initiating the reaction. The reaction incubated at room temperature for about 45 minutes. A concentrated developer solution was diluted in the assay buffer, and added to the reaction. The reaction was incubated at room temperature for about 15 minutes and relative fluorescence was read on an instrument reader.

The second assay is similar to the first assay described above, except that preincubation is carried out for about 3 hours after the enzyme is introduced. The test compound was suspended in, and titrated in DMSO. It was then spotted into a 384-well test plate. The enzyme, HDAC 1, was diluted in the same assay buffer as used in the previous assay and added to the pre-spotted compound. The enzyme/compound mix was incubated at room temperature for about 3 hours. The peptide substrate containing a fluorophore/quencher pair was diluted in the assay buffer and added to the compound/enzyme mix initiating the reaction. The reaction incubated at room temperature for 45 minutes. A concentrated developer solution was diluted in the assay buffer, and added to the reaction. The reaction was incubated at room temperature for about 15 minutes and relative fluorescence was read on an instrument reader.

The following table shows IC₅₀ data for the compound tested with the protocols described above.

TABLE 1 IC₅₀ of inhibitor compounds HDAC 1 inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ [μM]) CDK2 Compound (3-hour preincubation) (IC₅₀ [μM]) Example 1 0.273 0.03 Example 2 0.241 0.01 Example 3 0.019 0.04 Example 4 0.809 0.02 Example 5 0.423 >40 Example 6 >10 0.01 Example 7 0.03 >40 Example 8 0.656 0.002 Example 9 0.04 0.027 Example 10 0.034 0.026 Example 11 4.37 0.012 Example 12 0.153 0.34 Example 13 0.054 0.065 Example 14 0.028 0.99 Example 15 0.049 1.04 Example 16 0.032 2.15 Example 17 0.037 0.025 Example 18 0.41 2.1

The results indicate that the compounds have inhibitory activity against HDAC and/or CDK and thus can be useful to treat or inhibit diseases caused by abnormal activities of HDAC and/or CDK.

All patents and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference into this application in their entirety. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound selected from those of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein R¹, R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl), amino(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl), haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, amino, azido, carboxyl, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, hydroxy(C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy)(C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy), (C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy)(C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy), (C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy)(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl), C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyloxy, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, NH₂—CO—NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heterocyclyl(C═O)—, heterocyclyloxy and heterocyclylthio, wherein each R¹ R² and R³ is optionally substituted by one or more A; U¹, U², U³ and U⁴ are independently selected from —N—, —CH—, and —CR⁶—, with the proviso that at least one of U¹, U², U³ and U⁴ is —N—; m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; R⁶ is halo, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxyl, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)sulphamoyl or N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl; wherein R⁶ is optionally substituted by one or more B; X is phenyl, 5-membered heteroaryl, or 6-membered heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl contains one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and O; R⁷ represents one or more optional non-hydrogen substituents on ring X, wherein when present, each R⁷ is independently selected from hydroxy, halo, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxyl, carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂ carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R⁸ is hydroxy, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein aryl or heteroaryl is substituted with —NH₂ or —OH and aryl or heteroaryl is optionally further substituted with one or more groups selected from amino, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, haloaryl, haloheterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally further substituted with one or more groups selected from halo, hydroxy, alkyl, haloalkyl and cycloalkyl; R⁹ is H, alkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heterocyclyl, wherein R⁹ is optionally substituted by one or more D; and A, B and D are independently selected from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, oxo, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, amino, azido, carboxyl, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyloxy, alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, H₂NS(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)NHS(O)₂NH—, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂NS(O)₂NH—, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl(C═O)—, heterocyclyloxy and heterocyclylthio.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁸ is hydroxy, phenyl or 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaryl, wherein phenyl or heteroaryl is substituted with —NH₂ or —OH at a ring position adjacent to attachment of the -CONH-moiety, and phenyl or heteroaryl is optionally further substituted with one or more substituents selected from amino, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, haloaryl, haloheterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally further substituted with one or more groups selected from halo, hydroxy, alkyl, haloalkyl and cycloalkyl.
 3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein U¹, U², U³ and U⁴ are selected to form any of the following heteroaryl moieties


4. The compound of claim 1 selected from those of Formulae (I^(a)), (I^(b)), and (I^(c)) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein U¹, U² and U³ are selected to be any of (a) U¹, U² and U³ are —CH— or —CR⁶—; (b) U¹ and U² are —CH— or —CR⁶— and U³ is —N—; (c) U¹ and U³ are —CH— or —CR⁶— and U² is —N—; and (d) U¹ and U² are —N— and U³ is —CH— or —CR⁶—.
 5. The compound of claim 4 selected from those of Formulae (I^(a)-a), (I^(a)-b), and (I^(a)-c) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein R¹, R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, amino, azido, carboxyl, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyloxy, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl(C═O)—, heterocyclyloxy and heterocyclylthio; wherein each of R¹, R² and R³ is optionally substituted by one or more A.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein the compound is selected from those of Formulae (I^(a)-a), (I^(a)-b), and (I^(a)-c), and wherein R¹, R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, chloro, fluoro, bromo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, methoxy, ethoxy, acetyl, carboxyl, methylcarboxyl, cyano, methoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, propoxyethyl, methoxyethoxy, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyethoxy, dimethylamino, diethylamino, dimethylaminomethyl, dimethylaminoethyl, diethylaminomethyl, dimethylaminoethoxy, dimethylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminoethylamide, trifluoromethoxymethyl, trifluoroethoxymethyl, isopropylcarbonyl, 1-hydoxyethyl, 3-oxetanoxy, trifluoroethylaminomethyl, N-methyl-N-methoxyethyl-aminoethyl, cyclopropanylmethyl, cyclobutoxy, 1-cyclopropanylethoxy, cyclopropanylmethylaminomethyl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-carbonyl, isoindolin-2-yl, N-methoxyethylcarbamoyl, N-(morpholin-4-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl, dimethylaminoethylamino, methylcarboxyl, N,N-dimethylaminoethylcarbamoyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, trifluoromethylphenylethyl, phenoxymethyl, fluorophenoxymethyl, phenylethylaminomethyl, benzylaminomethyl, triazinylmethyl, piperidinylmethyl, piperidinyloxy, trifluoromethylpiperidinylmethyl, pyridinyloxymethyl, pyridinylmethoxy, tetrahydropyrazinyloxy, methylpiperazinylmethyl, methanesulfonyl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl, pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl, pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl, pyrrolidin-1-ylethoxy, pyrrolidin-2-ylethoxy, pyrrolidin-3-ylethoxy, thiazol-4-yl, 2-methyl-thiazol-4-yl, imidazol-1-ylmethyl, imidazol-2-ylmethyl, imidazol-4-ylmethyl, imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl, imidazolidin-4-yl, imidazolidin-1-ylmethyl, imidazolidin-2-ylmethyl, imidazolidin-4-ylmethyl, imidazolin-1-yl, imidazolin-2-yl, imidazolin-4-yl, pyrazolidin-1-yl, pyrazolidin-3-yl, pyrazolidin-4-yl, pyrazolin-1-yl, pyrazolin-3-yl, pyrazolin-4-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl, piperidin-1-ylmethyl, piperidin-2-ylmethyl, piperidin-3-ylmethyl, piperidin-4-ylmethyl, piperazin-1-yl, piperazin-2-yl, piperazin-3-yl, morpholin-2-yl, morpholin-3-yl, morpholin-4-yl, morpholin-2-ylmethyl, morpholin-3-ylmethyl, morpholin-4-ylmethyl, morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl, morpholin-2-ylethoxy, morpholin-3-ylethoxy and morpholin-4-ylethoxy; R⁶, if present, is halo, hydroxy, alkyl or haloalkyl; m is 0, 1, or 2; n is 0, 1, or 2; R⁷, if present, is independently fluoro, chloro, bromo, or methyl; and R⁸ is hydroxy, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 2-aminophenyl, 2-amino-6-fluorophenyl, 2-amino-5-fluorophenyl, 2-amino-5-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl, 4′-fluoro-4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl, 2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl, 5′-chloro-2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl, 5′-methyl-2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl, 2-amino-5-(thiophen-3-yl)phenyl, 2-aminopyridin-3-yl, 4-amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl, 2-amino-5-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ynyl)phenyl, 2-amino-5-(4,4,4-trifluoro-3-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)but-1-ynyl)phenyl, 2-amino-5-(3-cyclopropylprop-1-ynyl)phenyl or 2-amino-5-(3-(1-hydroxycyclopropyl)prop-1-ynyl)phenyl.
 7. The compound of claim 6 which is selected from the group consisting of: N-hydroxy-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-hydroxy-3-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-aminophenyl)-3-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-amino-5-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-3-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-amino-5-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-2-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiazole-5-carboxamide; N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-2-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiazole-5-carboxamide; N-(2-aminophenyl)-2-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiazole-5-carboxamide; N-(2-aminophenyl)-5-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiophene-2-carboxamide; N-hydroxy-5-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiophene-2-carboxamide; N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-5-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiophene-2-carboxamide; N-(2-amino-5-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiophene-2-carboxamide; N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-5-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiophene-2-carboxamide; N-(4-amino-4′-fluorobiphenyl-3-yl)-5-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-4-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide; N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-5-(5-fluoro-4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiophene-2-carboxamide; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 8. The compound of claim 4 selected from those of Formulae (I^(b)-a), (I^(b)-b), (I^(b)-c), and (I^(b)-d) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein R¹, R² and R³ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, amino, azido, carboxyl, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoyloxy, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)amino, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂amino, C₁₋₁₀ alkanoylamino, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)carbamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂carbamoyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-S(O)_(a) wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxycarbonyl, NH₂—S(O)₂NH—, N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)sulphamoyl, N,N—(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)₂sulphamoyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl(C═O)—, heterocyclyloxy and heterocyclylthio; wherein each of R¹, R² and R³ is optionally substituted by one or more A.
 9. The compound of claim 8 which is selected from the group consisting of: N-hydroxy-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-amino-5-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-hydroxy-4-(5-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-(5-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(5-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-amino-5-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyridazin-3-ylamino)benzamide; N-hydroxy-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-amino-5-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-(5-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-1,2,4-triazin-3-ylamino)benzamide; N-(2-amino-5-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-4-(5-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-1,2,4-triazin-3-ylamino)benzamide; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 10. The compound of claim 4 selected from those of Formulae (I^(c)-a) and (I^(c)-b) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein R⁹ is alkyl, haloalkyl or aminoalkyl.
 11. The compound of claim 10 which is selected from the group consisting of: N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-((4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino)benzamide; N-hydroxy-4-((4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino)benzamide; N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-(ethyl(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)benzamide; 4-(ethyl(4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-N-hydroxybenzamide; N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-((4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)(methyl)amino)benzamide; N-hydroxy-4-((4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)(methyl)amino)benzamide; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of one or more compounds according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
 13. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12, further comprising one or more anti-cancer agents selected from the group consisting of cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, cisplatin, methotrexate, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, fluorouracil, cytarabine, vinblastine, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, bleomycin, mitomycin, prednisone, tamoxifen, flutamide, asparaginase, rituximab, trastuzumab, imatinib, retinoic acid, colony-stimulating factor, amifostine, lenalidomide, HDAC inhibitor, CDK inhibitor, camptothecin and topotecan.
 14. A method of inhibiting or treating a disease mediated by a histone deacetylase or CDK in an animal, comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds according to claim
 1. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the disease involves abnormal cell proliferation and/or differentiation.
 16. The method according to claim 14 wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of a cell proliferative disease, autosomal dominant disorder, genetic related metabolic disorder, fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, neurological disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the disease is fibrosis selected from the group consisting of cystic fibrosis, injection fibrosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis and renal fibrosis or cancer selected from the group consisting of bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer and thyroid cancer. 